Librarians in multicultural environment. Essay - 1608 Words

Librarians in multicultural environment. Problems and solutions In the effort to fulfill their mission of disseminating information, librarians face a variety of challenges. Some of these challenges pertain to collection development, technical services, cataloging backlogs, and the handling of new technologies. Other challenges are related to legal issues and intellectual freedom, such as material objections and Internet access. Library management has dealt with these challenges for years by updating the technology, increasing the staff, and educating employees and customers. Effective communication poses a different and important challenge to librarians, especially to reference librarians.The communication between†¦show more content†¦For the members of one culture, culture allows them to predict each other’s behavior. It gives them ready-made solutions for some problems that have been solved before. (Kluckhohn, 25) An individual who belongs to a certain culture does not have to be conscientious about the c omponent of this culture.In contrast, an individual from outside a culture has to know the components of another culture to predict the behavior of its members. For practical reasons, it is important to know the components of a culture to study the multicultural similarities and differences. Culture is expressed by a variety of human behaviors; the following list shows the most common ones. (Elashmawi, 50)  ·Language  ·Nonverbal communication  ·Space and time orientations  ·Religion and belief system  ·Patterns of thinking  ·Self-images  ·Set of values  ·Material culture  ·Aesthetics Different sectors of society are interested differently in the components of culture. Diplomacy, business, travel, education, science, and art choose to understand the components that can help them succeed in their goals. In a multicultural situation, the communication between two cultures is not mathematically equal. This idea is well expressed by saying â€Å"The language of the trade is the language spoken by the customer.† (Engholm 98) In the communication between two cultures, knowing who is the buyer and who is the seller, or who isShow MoreRelatedBSHS 345 Week 4 Annotated Bibliography1433 Words   |  6 Pages Annotated Bibliography BSHS/345 Annotated Bibliography Juleen K. Buser, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 37.2 (April 2009): 94-104 This article is a great article that relates to African Americans seeking mental health treatment at lower rates than whites. The article states that this disparity can be attributed to attitudes toward services, alternate coping, and differences in care. This article also illuminates biases in counseling. Snowden, Lonnie R, Barriers toRead MoreEssay about Creating Diversity in the Classroom1950 Words   |  8 Pagesupon multicultural diversity which reinforces reading readiness, read-along that emphasis multicultural songs and rhymes, build self esteem through art, music and movement and responses to literature. Children are unlikely to connect to the classroom environment if they cannot see images of themselves. According to Agosto (2007) children should have a sense of belonging and the aspects of their culture should be represent in the school environment. The criteria for choosing multicultural literatureRead MoreStudents Are More Equal Than Others : Multiculturalism And Poverty1852 Words   |  8 Pageswere minorities (Hannah-Jones, 2014). These schools, mostly in urban centers, are typically under-funded (Denvir, 2014). They lack the opportunities for enrichment and support that mostly white suburban schools have, such as counselors, nurses, librarians, and specialized art and music programs (Denvir, 2014). These schools represent the new definition of separate-and-unequal. Lau v. Nichols and Culture Wars In 1974, the Supreme Court ruled on Lau v Nichols (Newman, 2006). The court unanimouslyRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesMatthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions Management Frances C. Wilkinson and Linda K. Lewis Organization of Information, Second Edition Arlene G. Taylor The School Library Media Manager, Third Edition Blanche Woolls Basic Research Methods for Librarians Ronald R. Powell and Lynn Silipigni Connoway Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret ZarnoskyRead More661 Treatment Plan Essay3705 Words   |  15 Pageswant you to know that whatever we discuss together, I will not share with anyone unless it breaks school policy, you are harming yourself or others, or if the court tells me they want information from me. I want you to know that this is a safe environment that you can tell me whatever is on your mind and I will not share it with anyone unless it is one of the things that I mentioned, okay?† †¢ Will you need or want to contact the parent or obtain parental permission for counseling services priorRead MoreEnglish Language Learners Lit. Review3197 Words   |  13 Pagesnegative academic effects that abound in socioeconomically disadvantaged contexts (Kozal, 1992, 2006) by ensuring that students have access to a rich print-environment and become actively engaged with literacy. Cummins’ (2011) work implies that policies designed to ensure that low-income and ELL students have access to a rich print environment and become actively engaged with literacy are more likely to close the achievement gap than current policies which fail to address these issues. ConsideringRead More The Importance of Motivation in the Classroom Essay3166 Words   |  13 Pagesdetails a very important issue in motivation inside the classroom and out. Maslows first need of physiological sufficiency is very basic. This issue simply asks if the students are comfortable in their environment. That is, are they hungry, too cold, too hot? If a student?s physical environment does not match appropriately with the student?s need, he will not be motivated to learn or to achieve any higher need. Similarly, if the student does not feel safe (via the second need, security), they willRead MoreEvaluation Of Granville Boys High School3711 Words   |  15 PagesFor my Professional Engagement placement, I was assigned to a UNSW ASPIRE program school, Granville Boys High School (GBHS), an single-sex government school situated in South Western Sydney. Due to its geographical location in one of the most multicultural regions in Sydney, with 95 per cent of the school’s total of 488 enrolments classified as Language Background Other Than English (LBOTE) students. Most students attending the school live in the surrounding Holroyd/Auburn area, wit h a large majorityRead MoreDesigning And Implementing Social Studies Instruction5967 Words   |  24 Pagesus answer important questions about our current condition. People, Places and Environment Today?s students are aware of the world beyond their personal locations. As students study this content, they create their spatial views and geographic perspectives. Social, cultural, economic, and civic demands require such knowledge to make informed and critical decisions about relationships between people and their environment. Individual Development and Identity Personal identity is shaped by one?s cultureRead MoreAdministrative Concepts And Management Strategies7128 Words   |  29 Pagesreinvigorated my skills, and helped to align my performance with the current standards and best practices. The ASES Program supplements the regular school day and other extended learning opportunities while providing a safe physical and emotional environment, opportunities for relationship building, and promotes active student engagement. It does so by providing the following elements: 1) an educational and literacy element, which includes tutoring and homework assistance in the core academic subjects:

Bureaucratic Structures Power And Authority - 1371 Words

Sarah L. Vital Bureaucratic Structures: Power and Authority Dr. Hansen Public Administration and Modern Society September 13, 2015 Power and authority organize people in bureaucratic structures. The hierarchical structure of these organizations dictates the scope of authority that each individual has relative to their respective position. Standardized rules, methods, and procedures within the bureaucratic structure stimulate strict discipline as an essential element for success. The organizations are impersonal places to work and do not conform to the needs of the workers. Historically, power and authority in bureaucratic structures have limited individual personal decision-making, restricted individual opportunities for†¦show more content†¦Decisions are made in an organized process with strict control at all times (Weber, 1946; Katz Kahn, 1966). In 1937, Luther Gulick, in â€Å"Notes on Theory of Organization†, introduces the concept of â€Å"co-ordination† as a way of organizing systems of communications and control in an organization. Although, Gulick was not necessarily in favor of the top-down approach in the hierarchy of bureaucratic structures as he felt that organization must be approached from both top and bottom.; he acknowledged the need for subdivision of duties and an authoritative structure for organizations (Gullick, 87, 1937). He argues the role of co-ordination is crucial and that that the division of work is needed for an organization to run efficiently (Gullick, 1937). Each position within a bureaucratic structure is representative of the policy attached to the position. With laws, rules and procedures dictating how each position works to function as a whole, the bureaucratic structure functions like a machine with many parts, each part working together to contribute to the whole and workin g towards the same strategic goal (Weber, 1922). In 1912, Frederick W. Taylor, an American mechanical engineer, viewed organizations as very mechanical with measurable functions and he applied a scientific approach to studying efficiency and productivity in the work process. In his published work, â€Å"Scientific Management†, he

Education and Classroom Free Essays

Running head: STUDENT DIVERSITY 1 Student Diversity and Classroom Management Kelly Shipley Grand Canyon University EDU 450 March 17, 2013 STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT2 Student Diversity and Classroom Management When teaching middle school age student’s classroom management is an important aspect in the educational process, there are so many changes going on within the middle school student classroom, management is important to have control and success in the classroom. There are a multitude of strategies to help manage the middle school classroom. In this paper I will list five different strategies of classroom management. We will write a custom essay sample on Education and Classroom or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many challenges within the middle school classroom and knowing what strategies to use to keep control and management can be difficult at times. With the diversity of children in the classroom changes may need to be made. Some strategies may not work in one classroom but work well in another. â€Å"Classroom management refers to those activities of classroom teachers that create a positive classroom climate within which effective teaching and learning can occur (Martin Sugarman, p. 1993)†. The first strategy is keeping the lesson moving. Don’t just lecture for the whole class period. Find engaging ways to keep the students motivated. If you have a classroom of seventh grade English students, lecturing the entire class period would not benefit nor would it keep the attention of the students. Instead engaging the students with hands on activities would keep the learning process going and would alleviate some disruption in the classroom. Keeping consistency in t he classroom is another great strategy to implement in the middle school classroom. Middle school students need consistency to keep control of them. Developing and maintaining a set of classroom rules will keep disruptive students at bay. Middle STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT2 School classrooms need to be structured and rules need to be set and followed on an everyday basis. By keeping up with the classroom rules and never slacking will help students become responsible in their own self-discipline. When there is disruption in the classroom knowing what to do immediately will help detour any other disruptions that may occur. For instance if you have a middle school student that consistently talks during class time and is disruptive to other students, knowing what to do immediately will keep the class moving successfully. Kellie Hayden author of Top Five Classroom Management Strategies states â€Å"when students are being disruptive by talking, poking, pulling or crumpling up paper, go stand by them, this sends a direct message to stop what they are doing. Most of the time they stop and go back to work (Hayden, 2010)†. Getting to know your students is a helpful way in managing your classroom. Knowing who your students are will help you as a teacher know what is going on with your students. For example; you have a seventh grade student whose parent is terminally ill with cancer. For the past few weeks you have seen a change in attitude, and class performance in this student. The student seems withdrawn and has not turned in the past few assignments. Knowing the students family situation is helpful in knowing how to handle this situation. By knowing the students background will help in knowing if you the problem you see can be handled in the classroom by you the teacher or if you should seek outside help for your student. The last classroom strategy is probably the most important after the events that have happened this year. I think that classroom safety is very important in the learning process. If a student doesn’t feel safe in the classroom the learning process ceases. As a teacher it is important STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT4 hat students in your classroom feel safe and know that your classroom is secure for them to learn. With all the school shootings that have happened this past year, students all around the county have the need for safety in their home schools. As a teacher it is your responsibility to maintain a safe learning environment for your students. Keeping classroom doors locked is one way to maintain classroom safety. Not allowing objects that can be used as weapons in the classro om is another way to maintain safety. Making sure that your students know the rules of safety not only in the classroom but in the school as well will maintain the learning process and make sure that students can successfully learn. As I stated earlier there are so many strategies for classroom management and not all strategies may work in your classroom, but knowing which strategies do work and making sure that you keep a routine and consistency in the classroom will provide a successful learning environment for the students that are in your classroom and control among the students as well. STUDENT DIVERSTY AND CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT5 Resources Hayden, K. (2010). Top Five Classroom Management Strategies-They Really Work. Retrieved on March 15, 2013 http://www. brighthubeducation. com Martin, J. Sugarman, J. (1993). Models of Classroom Management, Second Edition. Bellingham, Washington: Temeron Books Inc. How to cite Education and Classroom, Essay examples

Social Media and Business Transformation Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Social Media and Business Transformation. Answer: Introduction: The importance of social media is to drive the targeted traffic through informative newsfeeds regarding the products and services. (Arnaboldi Coget, 2016) also depicts that effective social media sites are also liable for a strong real Management relationship building with customers. Moreover, marketers also desire to notice at events and formulate earned media coverage. In addition to that social media helps to build a strong brand image and brand loyalty. However, these marketers must follow all the e-commerce legislation like Public Administration Act 2004 and Code of Conduct (NO1) 207 (Roehl, 2015). Moreover, it can be also said that right social media marketing strategy also help businesspeople to attain effective competitive advantage (Aral et al., 2013). People target accurate information rather than vague details regarding what their business does and details of their stock maintenance process. People want details of the products that drive their attention for make purchase. Moreover, also highlight that in this way, marketers alsofind customers they did not know existed. It is important for an organization to align their business goals with the social media strategy (Trainor et al., 2014). As customer become tech- savvy and send more time on social media, business people should have to target specific social media which causes maximum traffic. The reason for which the marketers adopt the social media is its low cost of implementation. (Paniagua Sapena, 2014) moreover highlighted that social media has resulted into increased rate of information sharing. Marketers can also use social media for increasing their social networks and target customer out of their nation or territory. Aral et al. (2013) furthermore represent that social media also helps in generating new opportunities. In this way, they can build an effective brand community. Social Campaigns generates positive brand exposure so that customers management can buy more products from their organization (Fan Gordon, 2014). Blogs content also leveraged by social media team for effective promotion through aid and owned channels. Marketers also built an enterprise- wide social influencer network for raising their brand awareness (Arnaboldi Coget, 2016). In this context, businesspeople illustrate all the LEGAL contracts and FTC disclosure guidelines, effective CRM activities, PROCUREMENT like vendor agreement along with FINANCIAL and INTERNAL ALINGMENT for ensuring consistency of blogger engagement policies. Roehl (2015) portrays that all these aspects helps the organization to ensuring customers trust. Social media Strategy Facebook is widely used social media across the globe and marketers broadcast and give potential candidates a glimpse regarding their upcoming business initiatives in audio and video format. Facebook allows the marketers to identify the customers trends along with ideal customer profile for their products. Marketers post educational content that are either created from blogs or content team (Oh Syn, 2015). However, this media is not much useful for trading products and services as get information regarding the business details and strategies and creates job oopportunities so that interested candidates an get associated with their desired company. YouTube is also used for brand promotion through audio clips. Walker (2014) depicts that each YouTube video provides a link back to the official website, from where they can get more useful information and can also buy their desired products. Oh and Syn (2015) highlighted that Twitter resemblesa more active conversation site that provides active and real-time information to discover whats happening in the organization right now. Oh and Syn (2015) moreover depicts that managing authorities strengthens their personal brand, promoting new products and build meaningful connections with a relevant and engaged audience. In addition to that, Twitter is also an effective channel for handling customer service. Taken for instance, the social media marketing team knows that their customers seek out to express concerns or share their praise and hence it is crucial for those personnel to handle all the twitter comments efficiently. Marketers save and display content by "pinning" digital bulletin boards and these contents are organized by categories. (Walker, 2014) portray that in this way, marketers an target actually interested customers. Moreover, Pinterest is a niche network than Facebook or Twitter and is mostly used for promoting fashion, exercise, beauty, photography. Instagram is also a visual social media platform but have filters and picture editing options (Oh Syn, 2015). However, Walker (2014) argues that this social media may not be the best fit for business and some industry may underrepresent on Instagram. Additionally, some industry may get benefited like fashion or photography industry as they can post their images. Marketers can conduct research activities and identify the social platforms so that maximum benefit can be attained. If younger millennial are the major targets or they aims to increase lead generation businesspeople must use Twitter and Facebook as their social media tools (Walker, 2014). However, customer attracts more if the web-contents are relevant and all the information are related to the products and services an organization is providing. Reference List Aral, S., Dellarocas, C., Godes, D. (2013). Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), 3-13. Arnaboldi, M., Coget, J. F. (2016). Social media and business Management.Organizational Dynamics,1(45), 47-54. Fan, W., Gordon, M. D. (2014). The power of social media analytics.Communications of the ACM,57(6), 74-81. Oh, S., Syn, S. Y. (2015). Motivations for sharing information and social support in social media: A comparative analysis of Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, YouTube, and Flickr.Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,66(10), 2045-2060. Paniagua, J., Sapena, J. (2014). Business performance and social media: Love or hate?.Business horizons,57(6), 719-728. Roehl, T. (2015). Use Social Media to Help Clients Practice Sorting and Summarizing.ASHA Leader, 20(5), p.online only. Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1201-1208. Walker, S. (2014).Social Media Marketing Tips: Essential Strategy Advice and Tips for Business Facebook, Twitter, Google+, YouTube, LinkedIn, Instagram and Much More!. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Washingtons Farewell Address

Time was running fast and the period that George Washington was to be in office had come to an end. Being the first president and having seen what the country needed, Washington felt obliged to leave the country in a peaceful state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Washington’s Farewell Address specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Citizens were in a state of confusion, unable to imagine a government without Washington. To help in restoring people’s confidence in the succeeding regime, he decided to sensitize the public that leaders cannot achieve anything on their own. Moreover, he touches on various issues that are critical for prosperity of America. Addressing the nation, Washington begins by insisting on the importance of unity to the American people. He warns the Americans that unity of all states is paramount in protection of their freedom (Washington, 2004). He continues by stating that the greates t enemy of America will be the person whose main agenda will be to divide Americans along any ideologies. In this regard, Washington wants all Americans irrespective of religion, gender, ethnicity or race to work towards enhancing the culture of togetherness. Citizens should first of all consider themselves as Americans before grouping themselves along other aspects. It should be noted that Americans are not exhorted to stick together in good times only, but also in hard times for example during credit crunch (Whitney, 2003). It is upon every citizen to avoid any person who seems to interfere with the unity of the American States. The west will need some products from the east same with the south and the north. Washington enumerates the benefits received so far through combined effort, and the many more that are expected. Additionally, he highlights the dangers of a divided nation. In addition, Washington points out the dangers that can occur if political parties are used wrongly. T he Federalist Party, which selectively promoted interests of some people, adds to the weight of Washington’s point that political parties can be manipulated. He argues that political parties are necessary in any human society, but warns that they should be accepted with a pinch of salt (Washington, 2004). Washington emphasizes that the tendency of political parties to take sides in foreign matters like War is harmful to the country. According to him, the country will be better off if it remained neutral regarding foreign matters.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his view, America should refrain from making permanent friends or enemies since this will lead to partiality which is not good for the nation. Washington warns that political parties are only beneficial in dictatorial governments. However, they must be placed under control in democratic governments since they have a tendency of diverging attention of governments from critical issues. Furthermore, Washington coaxes Americans to always protect and uphold the new constitution. He tells them that though the constitution might not address every issue that they would have wanted, it is a mile stone in steps towards controlling the nation. In this regard, Washington urges Americans to protect the constitution from power hungry politicians, who will seek to weaken it for their selfish interests in the name of developing the nation (Hargrove, 2000). Though he categorically states that he does not think he has been a good president, Washington warns that human beings get intoxicated by power. Consequently, he warns Americans to be careful with whom they choose to lead them. Stressing on the importance of the constitution and the negative impacts of political parties, Washington points out the benefits of decentralized method of governorship (Whitney, 2003). Americans are encouraged to ensure that too muc h power is not concentrated in one office, because this will lead to despotic and diabolic dictators whose main agenda will be serving personal interests. Moreover, he wants the succeeding governments to avoid public debts. While he accepts that debts are sometimes inevitable, he wants governments to pay back as soon as possible because debts enslave nations. However, Washington goes ahead to state that this does not imply that the nation should not offer financial assistance. Most importantly, Washington stresses on the importance of peace by outlining the effects of rebellions. Washington emphasizes on the role of religion in society. He says that religion is a fundamental ingredient in enhancing morality. He argues that it is difficult for a leader to brag of good leadership qualities without a religious background. Religiosity instills good behavior in people and thus will play an important role in ensuring that there is unity and harmony among citizens (Washington, 2004). On to p of that, Washington underscores the importance of education in development of a nation. He tells Americans that the nation will prosper only if the average level of education is increased.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Washington’s Farewell Address specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having been a president, Washington knows what the country needs for prosperity. He points out what he thinks has made his time in office successful. Though he is leaving office, Washington wants Americans to know that they are moving in the good direction. Lastly, Washington is aware of the fact that his advice might not be taken serious at that point in time, but he hopes one day people will reflect on what he says for guidance. References Hargrove, J. (2000). Washington’s Farewell Address: History Speak. Dayton: Lorenz Educational Press. Washington, G. (2004). Washington’s Farewell Address to the People of t he United States. Washington: Government Printing Office. Whitney, G. (2003). American Presidents: Farewell Messages to the Nation, 1796-2001. Lanham: Lexington Books. This essay on Washington’s Farewell Address was written and submitted by user Leighton Hill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Marketing and Its Importance for Modern Organizations

Marketing and Its Importance for Modern Organizations Modern companies make substantial investments in marketing; in fact, this set of activities is usually essential for their sustainability. This is why it is necessary to define marketing and explain its importance for modern organizations. In my opinion, this term can be understood as every activity that is aimed at creating an extra value for the customers and ensuring that the company’s products or services appeal to the buyers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Its Importance for Modern Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is one of the possible explanations of this concept. But there are other definitions. For instance, Julian Gaspar says that marketing is â€Å"the determination of the needs and desires of markets so that products and services can be developed, prices, promoted, and distributed† (2005, p. 276). This interpretation focuses on specific activities that are i nvolved in marketing. Other scholars emphasize the role customers and their needs. For example, Alan Fyall and Brian Garrod argue that marketing consists in determining the needs of target markets or finding ways of satisfying these needs (2005, p. 7). Thus, one can say that this term can be discussed from different perspectives. Overall, these definitions show that marketing plays a vital role in many organizations. First of all, it is important for understanding what clients actually want or what they expect from products or services of companies. This is why a great number of businesses conduct customer surveys in order to determine what kind of things buyers value most of all. For instance, software developers usually encourage users to test their products long before they are released. In this way, they can better users’ needs and eliminate the defects of products. Thus, marketing is essential for increasing customers’ satisfaction. Additionally, marketing is impo rtant for increasing customers’ awareness about their products. Without it, companies can hardly hope for substantial revenues. This is why they develop strategies for spreading the information about their offerings. As a rule, they spend much time determining what kind of media is most suitable for them. For instance, they can choose television, radio, or internet. Their choice may depend on their product or the lifestyles of clients. These examples show that marketing strategies can be effective only if they take into account the behavior of clients.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, marketing is important for retaining customers and differentiating the company among its competitors. This task is crucial for retaining strong positions in the market. Therefore, organizations develop different strategies for achieving this goal. For example, some of them attempt to win the clients’ loyalty by setting lower prices for their products or offering some bonuses. However, many organizations pay more attention to the quality of their products or services. For instance, some producers increase the guarantee period while others attempt to customize their products and services. For instance, car manufacturers can design vehicles according to customers’ requirements. This is how they try to appeal to the clients. These activities are aimed gaining the loyalty of clients, and they are closely related to marketing. People, who develop marketing strategies, have to find ways of differentiating their products or services among others. On the whole, these examples demonstrate that marketing is closely related to many activities of a company such as product development, advertisement, after-sales services, pricing and so forth. Moreover, marketing should be based on the in-depth knowledge of customers, products, competitors, an d the industry, in general; otherwise it can hardly achieve its goals. Reference List Fyall, A. Garrod, B. (2005). Tourism Marketing: A Collaborative Approach. New York: Channel View Publications. Gaspar, J. (2005). Introduction to Business. New York: Cengage Learning.

International Standardization and Information-Communication Industries Essay

International Standardization and Information-Communication Industries - Essay Example The reasons for this difference in the electronics companies in the United States and Japan can be traced to historical reasons. In Japan during the early 1960s, the Ministry of the Economy, Trade and Industry helped in the formulation of trade agreements wherein each Japanese developer of computer systems was paired with a counterpart in the United States, with the objective being that of ensuring Japan’s participation in the electronic revolution and to enable it to compete with IBM which was then the most important player in the market for computer systems.(Hagiu, 2005). The result of this policy was the development of incompatible systems, with operating systems for each being different depending upon which U.S. partner the Japanese company was working with; even IBM systems were sometimes incompatible with each other. Thus, in order to enhance profitability, the Japanese electronics companies found it more profitable to develop integrated systems, whereby one company manufactured highly customized systems offering free software and upgrades, as well as all the hardware component parts, sourcing distributors and suppliers and integrating them into the network of the company organization itself (Hagiu, 2005). This also resulted in a gradual elimination of the U.S. counterparts. The Japanese market is now characterized so much by specialized development of software and electronic products from vertically integrated companies that it is difficult for medium sized independent developers/companies to flourish because there is very little scope for the development of popular platforms which justifies mass scale production of software. In the United States on the other hand, the monopoly enjoyed by IBM in the 1960s and its vertically integrated structure was affected after an antitrust suit was filed against the Company (Hagiu, 2005). Due to this suit, there was a public hue and cry against monopolization